Audience Expectations in Horror Movie Trailers Essay

How genre conventions are used to raise audience expectations in horror movie trailers. ‘The word genre means ‘type’ or ‘category’’ (Teach yourself film studies) it is really important as an audience member to recognise genres as then things become categorised and easier for them to understand which is more comforting. Sometimes however genres are crossed and categories are broken for example sometimes we have ‘action thrillers’ or ‘sci-fi horrors’ this is known as a hybrid genre. This often intrigues the audience and draws them to the film as it changes their outlook as they have no expectations for the film as they have never been exposed to this genre before. The horror genre was created to frighten/disturb an audience. Cherry (2009) reinforces this theory ‘The function of horror – to scare, shock, revolt or otherwise horrify the viewer’. These are the main conventions of a horror movie often portrayed using fast cuts, heart racing music, flashing images, unknown creatures and darkened places. ‘Horror is an ancient art form’ (www.horrorfilmhistory.com) which is still popular today because of the emotions it evokes, the audience feel comfortable with the horror genre as the generic conventions have not changed drastically over the years, the audience knows what to expect. The iconic symbols of horror such as haunted houses, unknown creatures, darkened places and flashing images are still used in all modern horror movies, although the genre evolves to fit around the era and to appeal to that audience. ‘Genres are not static, they evolve their common attributes change over time’ (Teach yourself film studies), this is because genres need to become more current for example what disturbed/terrified audiences 10 years ago may not effect audiences today. Today most audiences are terrified by the paranormal and ghostly experiences, the trailers for ‘Paranormal Activity’, ‘Insidious’ and ‘Don’t be Afraid of the Dark’ are all based around this theme but use different generic conventions to portray their theme. Paranormal Activity was released in 2007 and is an independent film costing only $11,000 to produce, the trailer proved uncomfortable to audiences as the generic conventions were broken. The trailer was not the usual blockbuster horror that audiences expect to see, it was shot in an average home with a home camera, the camera angles are shaky and unprofessional and the actors are unknown which gives the feel that these are real events. Also the trailer not only shows clips of the movie but the audience reaction to what they are witnessing. This keeps the audience interested in the genre as they are not used to seeing an audience reaction – they are intrigued as to why the audien ce are so frightened; therefore want to see the film. ‘We derive basic thrills from triggering the rush of adrenalin which fear brings’ (www.horrorfilmhistory.com). Paranormal Activity reinforces this theory as it became a huge hit world-wide although it was such a low budget independent film. Paranormal Activity focuses on a young couple moving into a new home which is supposed to be an exciting time and people can relate to this as everyone has moved house at some point, the fact that the film is based in a normal household immediately alarms the audience. The sounds used in the trailer for Paranormal Activity are very effective as you can hear lots of screaming and fear but it is not in the film its self, it’s the audience that we’re first shown this film. Insidious was released in 2010 and was created by the same director as Paranormal Activity (James Wan) this draws in an audience immediately as people who are familiar with the directors work are immediately drawn to the film. Like Paranormal Activity, Insidious is also an independent film however the budget for this film was a lot higher at $1,500,000. The look the production company gave to this film is also a lot more professional as there are no home cameras and shaky camera angles. However this film does still use unknown actors, since doing my research I have noticed that the majority of horror films use unknown actors to make their film feel more realistic. Insidious is also based around the paranormal theme which shows that audiences in this era are frightened by the paranormal ghostly experience this must be working as insidious took in a gross of ‘$53,991,137’ (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1591095/). Also Insidious uses children and a family in a ‘normal’ home this immediately effects the audience as they can relate it to their own lives. The horror genre has become more realistic like this as instead of using zombies, vampires and made up creatures the genre has become more based around real life and what could actually happen as it affects the audience in a more psychological way. Also using children in the trailer will immediately effect parents as they start to imagine what they would do if that was their child and how it would affect them which straight away frightens them and evokes unwanted emotions/thoughts ‘I can speak for all parents when I say the loss of a child has to be pretty much the worst thing that could ever happen to them’ (http://www.horror-movies.ca/horror_13935.html) I have also looked at the film trailer for â€Å"Don’t be Afraid of the Dark† which was released in 2011. This film is from a different director to Paranormal Activity and Insidious however it follows a similar plot and has the paranormal ghostly edge. The budget for this film was much higher than both Paranormal Activity and Insidious at $25,000,000 the trailer is very stereotypical and uses the typical conventions of a horror trailer as it consists of multiple flashing images, heart racing music, darkness and unknown creatures. The sound used in a trailer is very important as fast paced non-diegetic music is usually played throughout the trailer which subconsciously makes the audience feel on edge and worried, also the diegetic sounds used such as loud bangs, creaky floorboards and screams make the audience jump. Putting both of these non-diegetic and diegetic sounds together creates tension and an uncomfortable atmosphere. Don’t be Afraid of the Dark also uses a small child within the film; this is quite controversial and usually makes older members of the audience feel uncomfortable as they imagine it as their own child. Also using a small child shows an extreme amount of vulnerability as small children cannot fend for themselves and they are not as strong as an adult. ‘How does the speed of what we see compare to watching a clip from a film?’ (Teaching trailers) the speed of what we see in the trailer gives the audience a taste of what to expect in the film. The trailer starts of slowly to attract the audience’s attention and get them interested in what they are watching, then the speed builds up to alarm the audience and frighten them once this has happened the trailers slows back down to an average speed to give the audience time to react and think about what t hey just witnessed. When comparing the three trailers together they are all very similar as they are all based around a paranormal scenario and they all evoke the ‘scared/frightened’ emotion to an audience. Also two of the trailers use children which takes away the innocence of a stereotypical child and makes the audience feel uncomfortable as the ordinary has been changed. Paranormal activity breaks the boundaries of the horror genre the most by showing the audience reactions within the trailer as this had never been done before which attracted a wide audience and made a lot of money. It also got a lot more publicity and became an extremely famous well known film purely because it took the audiences expectation of a horror film and changed it. However Insidious and Don’t be Afraid of the Dark are very stereotypical horror films using obvious frightening objects in their trailers which have been used throughout the history of the horror genre. The set-up of these trailers is also very stereotypical and expected because of the fast paced heart racing sounds and the fast paced flashing images. I also think it is important that all of the actors in these films are unknown ‘why are we told who is starring in the film?’ (Teaching trailers) this is because well-known actors with a huge fan base attracts audiences to a film, however with the horror genre this does not work as audiences cannot get a realistic feel as they are familiar with the actor and their work. This is why I think all of the films work well as none of the actors are very well known. To conclude I think that genre is used in all of these trailers to raise the audience’s expectations but in very different experimental ways and this is successful, the ‘horror’ genre is visible throughout all of the trailers and they have all attracted a wide audience using some different experimental or stereotypical expected techniques. Bibliography Cherry, Brigid. (2009) Horror. Oxon: Routledge. Wilson, Karina. (2001-2011) Horror Film History. Available from: www.horrorfilmhistory.com (Accessed: 26th October 2011) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1591095/ (2011) (Accessed: 26th October 2011) http://www.horror-movies.ca/horror_13935.html (2011) (Accessed: 26th October 2011) Title: Teach yourself film studies Title: Teaching trailers

Karma in Bhagavad-Gita and Shakuntala Essay

In _Bhagavad- Gita_, dharma and karma are two controlling forces of the ultimate destinies of the people to preserve and conserve the Hindu social order. Arjuna, the protagonist, is torn between two choices, either to perform his dharma for the emancipation of the spirit or to fight against his kin that would probably result to evil karma. He belongs to a compelling position in the Hindu social order because of his birth and occupation, making him locked up from the supposed ultimate freedom (Mack, 1995). The dharma of Arjuna complicates his status in the social hierarchy thus makes him doubtful in performing his duties and responsibilities both as a Hindu warrior and a kin. He may have the control over his spirit and he may choose to receive a good karma, but his dharma contradicts and requires him to somehow disobey his self. In addition, according to Krishna, if he will withdraw from action, it is thus an act of self-delusion and the renunciation of moral and social responsibility. Krishna said that he [Arjuna] ‘†¦must learn to endure fleeting things- they come and go!† (2nd teaching: 14). He is convincing him to â€Å"fight the battle† (2nd: 18) and so if â€Å"he has courage, he is fit for immortality† (2nd: 15). He is always reminding him that his dharma requires him to fight. He adds, â€Å"No one exists for even an instant without performing action; however unwilling, every being is forced to act by the qualities of nature† (3rd: 5). Arjuna’s hesitation may be valid in some points but it is orderly since it is human nature. He is overcome by doubts because he does not wish to be guilty of the death of his kin, but Krishna tell him that â€Å"actions imprisons the world unless it is done as sacrifice; freed from attachment, Arjuna, perform action as sacrifice!† (3rd: 9). From the philosophies of Krishna mentioned above, it can be scrutinized that an individual in the Indian society must not think that performing dharma can be immoral once it may result to evil karma, but rather internalize that when performing deeds, â€Å"always perform with detachment any action you must  do; performing action with detachment, one achieves supreme good † (3rd: 19). They are not ruling dharma and karma, but they govern â€Å"to preserve the world† (3rd: 25). _Shakuntala_ also portrays a strong Hindu society and Hinduism. There is sadness and melancholy due to dharma and karma but the ultimate destinies are well-controlled. Hinduism may provide sufficient free will to man but it does not permit him grappling from the moral ambiguities that may lead to tragedy (Yohannan, 1994). Shakunta was punished because she did not able to perform her religious duties. As what Priyamvada told the King, Shakuntala â€Å"†¦has been engaged in the practiced of religious duties†; but because of her fascination and attachment to the King, she forgot her dharma for the first time, leading her to suffer evil consequences (karma). Priyamvada told her assumption to Anasuya when they were in the garden of the hermitage and said â€Å"I fear a terrible misfortune has occurred. Sakoontala, from absence of mind, must have offended some guest whom she was bound to treat with respect†. Shakuntala is the daughter of the hermit leader and a Brahman so she really has to perform her religious duties otherwise she will disobey the norm. Nevertheless, she is not destined to be forever shattered and helpless; she must gain back what and who she deserves to have, and that is to be united with the King. Through the presentation of the fate of the characters, we can say that Hinduism still favors people as long as they keep their faith and deeds according to it. For the question _how can be both paradoxical and at the same time complementary, Shakuntala_ and _Bhagavad- Gita_ have their own ways of portraying an Indian society and its religion. In _Bhagavad- Gita,_ Krishna is really the personal and true-existing (though appeared in a different form) adviser who keeps on reminding and convincing Arjuna to perform his dharma otherwise a great consequence might happen. Arjuna tends to remain in his humanness nature but his dharma tries to desolate him from his morality,  so there is his friend charioteer (Krishna) who keeps on warning him by teaching philosophies. He is overcome by his morality by killing his own kin. On the other hand, Shakuntala has not been warned before she committed such sacred crime. She was more overcome by the humanness nature that she tends to forget her dharma. Her emotions desolate her, so as punishment, her own fault kills the chance to be loved by the King. Because of their social status in the society, their dharma becomes more demanding and regulating. Both show a pleasurable sense of life and their religion guides them not to end up tragically. Both value knowledge as means to salvation and liberation. In _Shakuntala,_ the trial which she brings upon herself matures her in the knowledge of love and prepares her for the life which she is destined to live (Yohannan, 1994). In _Bhagavad- Gita_, â€Å"knowledge is obscured† (3rd: 39), therefore Krishna tells Arjuna that â€Å"kill this evil that wins knowledge and judgment† (3rd: 41) because â€Å"knowing the self beyond understanding sustain the self with the self† (3rd:43)

Comparison of Сolonies

A century after Columbus sailed the ocean blue, Great Britain's dreams would finally come true. In 1607, Britain established the first English settlement in the New World, Jamestown. This led to the establishment of the British colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts, all the way until the final colony Georgia. And although many may think that the colonies operated as one similar unit, the truth is all the colonial regions were very similar and different in social, political and economical structure.Throughout history, education was always important; this was the same for the colonies. Therefore, in all three colonial regions, education was offered to white boys. In the New England colonies, education was more common since the population was dense. However, in the Southern colonies education was not as common since people were spread far apart. This made it hard to find space to build schools; so instead, the rich hired tutors for their sons. Religion was also very big in the colony. Eac h region had contrasting religion and ethnicity. In New England, Puritans dominated the area and established congregational churches. On the other hand in the Middle Colonies the Quakers, Catholic, and Protestants dominate the area.And in the South, the church of England dominated. Great colonies need great governments. The political structure in all colonial regions were similar and different. All of the colonies had governments, and governors leaded these governments. Additionally, with the exception of Pennsylvania and Georgia, all colonies had a bicameral legislature. Another similarity between the colonies was that only white males with property could vote. Although the colonies were similar in many political ways they were also very different. In New England, township government was the local form of government since everyone was so close. However, in the Southern colonies, county government was used since everyone was spread so far apart.The Middle colonies used a mix of both town and county government. Lastly, economy was both similar and different in the regions. The south used mainly slaves in the workforce; in fact, by 1760, there was approximately 400,000 slaves in the south. However, in New England, farmers raised their own workforce. It wasn’t uncommon to see a family of over ten. Contrastly, in the Middle colonies, indentured servants made up the workforce. The industries in each colony was determined by the geography; therefore  industry varied in each region.In the New England colonies, the main industries were fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, and making beaver hats. This was not the same in the Middle colonies; their industries included beer, fur, glass, gun, iron, livestock, wagon, grains, and iron. On the other hand, the Southern colonies relied on mainly the tobacco industry. Some industrial similarities between the as were that tobacco was a main crop of the Middle and the Southern colonies and agriculture was very comm on in all the colonies.Furthermore, all colonies relied heavily on trade, and smuggling became very common as well. Also currency was not used in any of the colonies because they had no metal due to the theory of mercantilism. In 1607, the settlement of Jamestown was established. Following Jamestown, Britain would plant a total of thirteen colonies over the next hundred years. These colonies can be grouped into three regions. The social, political, and economical structure of the colonial regions were very similar and different. What would one day become the great United States of America, was once only thirteen colonies, separated into three regions, and founded by one mother country.

Fence discrimination defence(not sure which one) Essay

Fence discrimination defence(not sure which one) - Essay Example The fences we put up are getting bigger, more inhuman and harder to overcome. It is the argument of this paper that these fences should not be allowed to exist, that we should not fence people in, whether the context is moral, social or cultural. Dr. Christina Kochemidova , in her article The Culture of the Fence: Artifacts and Meanings, brings up the various contexts a fence can be looked at. A fence can be used in many ways; as a bar, or barrier, to prevent ingress or to prevent escape. Alternatively it can be used as simply a marker, to demarcate a boundary. More often, fences are used as a division and increasingly as a means of control. These sorts of fences are invisible; they exist as rules, laws, and attitudes. This is also noted by Naomi Klein in her article Don' Fence Us In. There are numerous examples of this; racism, privatization and property rights are the most prevalent. These create barriers that are incredibly difficult to overcome. Man may have originally have used the fence to demarcate, but over the centuries it has evolved into more; a protective barrier, in one way, to keep the "other" out. The other can be anyone we perceive as a threat, or conversely anyone we wish to control. The fence as a control measure is frightening. This avatar is especially clear in the case of racism Racism is universal. Whether it manifests itself as the oppression and slavery of blacks in the United States, or as hatred of Pakistanis and Muslims in Norway, or the conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India and Pakistan, the common factor is the segregation and separation of two peoples based on the belief of the inherent superiority of one over the other. In fact, the word "apartheid" was created from the Afrikaans word for "separate"; the whole concept of a fence lies in that word. Racism has been responsible for some of the most horrible atrocities ever committed; the Holocaust, the slavery of blacks. In the United States, prior to the Civil War, Blacks were not even allowed the right to be citizens of the country; they were not even given the right to be considered human. Segregation in the south of the country took the form of separate facilities for everything including transport and housing. Even when they were finally recognized under the Constitution, they were still e ducated separately under the guise of "separate but equal" schools under the law. This sort of segregation is a fence. It separates and empowers one group, and suppresses another as is evidenced by the example given above. Denying an ethnic group the status of "human" is one of the most horrific fences that can be put up. This status was used to control the blacks and keep them "in their place". Denied education, proper housing, denied their very independence, the blacks were successfully controlled by these fences that kept them exactly where they were wanted. Education became an extremely important way to break out of these barriers. However, as noted by Hansman et al, education itself is prone to racist overtones. They remark that in many multicultural institutions, the structure of the work is planned around the majority culture, thereby leading to the ineffectual training of minority groups. Institutional factors therefore have a role in maintaining racial prejudice. Another

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 175

Essay Example It is important for a company to line up its information technology system with this software application because it offers a platform for business incorporation. This can be effective if a company adopts a good strategy that can absorb both the existing and new elements. Adopting in this context means that a company has to change its traditional mode of doing business by introducing new practices. These practices include employing competent human resource and establishing principles that can be used to manage it. As a result, Service-Oriented Architecture acts as a joining tool for a business because of its ability to unify and streamline information technology processes. Service-Oriented Architecture works when structures in use are in smaller bits rather than a whole. Therefore, for it to work effectively, it has a set of unified services which require support from the web service. These services for a company can be based on data communication which must coordinate with different activities that ensure sufficient exchange of information. Therefore, there are certain benefits that a company can get when it puts this application in use. These benefits include the following. First, SOA software can be used again and again if an individual is not able to acquire another one because of the objects that make it up. One thing that the management of a company has to be keen with is the connection between the objects of this software while making these changes. And secondly, it is easy for a company to put into practice this software application within a specified period of time because it allows the management team to meet its goals. Contrary to the benefits above, this software also has its own limitation. One advantage of using this software is that it depends on goals that a company wants to achieve. Therefore, a company can invest in it as an independent vendor because it can deliver

Power and Politics in Leadership Group Paper Essay

Power and Politics in Leadership Group Paper - Essay Example Some examples of entrepreneurial and powerful leaders include: Bill Gates, Tony Horton, Ann Eliza, and Hitler among others. The reason as to why these leaders have been noted in history is very simple. Even though each leader has their own style of leading, all these leaders have been blessed with both charisma and a vision (Lesinski, 2006). This paper will focus on Bill Gates and Ann Eliza, Jennings of Swain Island (American Samoa) Bill Gates is the chairman, co-founder and chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation which is the leading software provider for personal computers in the world. Bill Gates has accomplished and earned various titles as a well known manager. He was given a â€Å"Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire† title by Queen Elizabeth. Bill Gates was also contracted by the IBM for the development and establishment of their first personal computer. He is referred to as an American Business Magnate and emerged the richest person according to the survey completed in 2008. Bill Gates has used various leadership styles in his management of the Microsoft Company. For instance the autocratic style; he has a nature of control in his practice of management. He is obsessed with checking up and detail. Bill Gates is trying to have the whole world monopolized in form of World Wide Web software market. He has had some few legal problems with the justice department. He through Mic rosoft restricted other internet partners’ ability to deal with its rivals (Lesinski, 2006). Bill Gates does not like complaints. Another leadership style he uses is the delegate style; Bill Gates had skills of choosing suitable employees for recruitment and retention of the best talent ever in the industry of software. He strongly believed that recruiting talented software engineers is one of the major critical elements in

The Enduring Wisdom of the Spiritual Master Essay

The Enduring Wisdom of the Spiritual Master - Essay Example She attributed her recovery to St. Joseph, to which she remained devoted. However, her life changed after she experienced â€Å"the sorely wounded Christ’s† vision. After experiencing the vision, Teresa encountered a number of ecstatic experiences that influenced her into focusing more on the passion of Christ. The visions acted as her impetuous that influenced her into setting herself to the reorganization of her order. She began this reformation by attempting to master herself, as well as adhere to her rule. She tried to create a primitive Carmelite by gathering some of her Sisters in Carmel to concretize her idea of a monastery. She received support from St. Peter of Alcantara, her confessor and a number of learned individuals as she started to work towards the achievement idea. This idea materialized in 1562 after the clothing of the four novices and the opening of St. Joseph Monastery. Teresa’s external activities were adjunct to her internal spiritual graces (Cannata 2). The realization of her idea made her happy, after which she tenaciously resisted several revelations for about two years. Subsequently, she experienced the initial intellectual and non-intellectual visions depicting Christ’s humanity. This humanity became the heart of her loving attention, as well as the source of the intimate graces she was able to enjoy for several years. Her possession of the love of God created in her an enormous desire to see God and to die so that she could see Him. These graces were necessary for sustaining her as she was trying to actualize and reinforce her reformation work. Teresa received confirmation for the will to work courageously for God’s glory since her intention was to save the many souls that were being lost. Upon visiting Avila, John Baptist Rossi authorized Teresa to establish other monasteries of nuns. This authorization led her to institute several monasteries

Behaviorism and Constructivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behaviorism and Constructivism - Essay Example The use of ICTs at all academic levels has become widespread in recent years because of their advantages: (i) ICTs have the capabilities of enhancing the extent of students’ understanding of a curriculum’s contents—that is, the learners could have better grasp of the subject-matter through the use of ICTs; (ii) with ICTs, the instructors or teachers could improve or change the contents of a curriculum—in other words, they could broaden the curriculum covering new areas of studies made possible by the advent of educational technologies; (iii) ICTs could be used as supporting materials or equipment in the process of delivering education (Leask & Meadows, 2000). The most interesting aspect of the application of ICTs at schools is that it makes learning more enjoyable to the learners. For example, the fascinating graphics used in some educational software have the power to catch the attention of the students or learners for a long time and help to boost the ov erall memory level (Leask & Meadows). Students at the elementary are the biggest section of the academia that are carried away with interesting and funny graphics. People learn in different ways: considering the principles of constructivism, it is clear that some people believe (i) that learning is an active process that requires active participation on the part of the learners.

Any franchise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Any franchise - Essay Example The demographics of young people interested in sports have changed in Miami with more people filling the limited sport shops for utilities. The city offers a ready market for sports utility The success of these company beings with exceptional leadership as well as an innovative management team that is knowledgeable and experienced to handle the matters in the franchise business. Since this is a small start up, we would not be in a position to have a big management team ( Liberson 23). The C.E.O will be accorded the mandate to higher his workers. The management team will be liable in the running of the operations of this franchise under the authority of the CEO. The CEO will have the powers to take the company to another level. Marketing remains the greatest program and strength of this business. A proper marketing strategy will be deployed in order to effectively reach the wide range of market with the merchandise. Funds will be used to produce advertising materials in order to attract customers. A robust financial marketing plan will be done for the franchise that would revolve around advertising. Several methods of marketing will be deployed with the motive of reaching a wider range of clients. Since this franchise will be entering the job market a new, it will dwell in providing traditional means of advising that will lower the cost of expenses ( Liberson 23). This franchise will ensure proper financial planning and will carry on with proper investigation to find the related costs. This capital to rise in beginning this franchise will be borrowed from different sources in order to fund all the needs of this business. It will be effective to have prepared a financial budget that will support with the effective running of the business. The banks would be the last option in raising the funds for the start up of the business. To incorporate a wide variety of stock in the business, a large pool of funds will be of

Information Security Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Security Planning - Essay Example The company needs to be prepared to combat virus attacks, ingress of unsolicited visitors and possible attacks by competitors on the company's information bank. To provide a safe and working repository of information, it is essential that the company has a well planned security policy in place. 2. The information security should be compliant to IS 17799 standards. This would bring about periodic security audits and would also ensure that there is a clear security policy in line with the objectives of the company. 3. To ensure that there is well defined acceptance criterion and milestones for every security measure and that this adhered to. And that these criterion and the mile stones are in line with the cost and budgeting dictated by the management of the company and to develop a comprehensive information security education policy. 4. To ensure that the company is in a state of readiness to combat potential disasters. Prevention and identification of crime, fraud and theft in the work place by ensuring both physical and logical security. A security review or audit is done to identify the existing security, the degree of protection needed, locate the weaknesses in the system and recommend security steps that are needed. This should also throw out information that has to be secured. Out of the list of jobs that need to be done for the security betterment a priority list is to be made in order of importance for security and the tentative cost for effecting the same. Priorities are laid down based on the company objectives and policies that are critical to company targets. In some of the locations, virus attacks could be frequent and these need to be countered on a priority basis may be because they are eating out on the productive time of the employees of the company and data get lost. In some cases, it might be that the data is getting out of the company through physical means in the form of CDs or flash drives. 3 Establish the feasibility of implementing. A comprehensive list of jobs that has to be carried out and their feasibility in the company needs to be established and accordingly 'what-is-possible' list is produced. 4 Identify whether the planned actions will fit into the budget. Based on the priority and the feasibility list the plan is further fine tuned with another constraint namely, the budget. If the budge should allow then the needed actions may be done, else they get pruned. 5 Need for security is to be fixed. Based on all these factors, the needs for the security is finally fixed and then the requirements are made into one single list. 6 Fix the responsibility for implementing. Using this list, it is important that the responsible person for each activity is fixed and the same is implemented through that specific person. 7 Train the people in the company and create a secure culture. In order to ensure that the implemented security measure continues to bear fruit, the employees of

Why do want to be a teacher what experiences have led you to wantto Essay

Why do want to be a teacher what experiences have led you to wantto teach in a high-need school in New York City - Essay Example During my work as a social worker/therapist, I have encountered many troubled adults. Some adults I have encountered experience mental issues, economic deprivation, or little education. Somewhere along the way, the system failed these individuals. If one of their teachers had attempted to identify their problems, instead of just passing them on, maybe these individuals would have different lives. I want to be able to help troubled children from the beginning, instead of having to deal with adults when it is too late. I know that I am only human. The only effort I can make is my best one. However, I feel that if I impact one, just one child, then the decision to become a teacher would be vindicated. I want to be a positive influence shaping the future, instead of picking up the pieces of the past today. Instead of solving yesterday’s problems, I want to create tomorrow’s solution. My experience of being a social worker has equipped me with the educational, emotional, and intuition necessary to teach in a high need school in New York City. I have dealt with issues relevant to high need students. I have provided therapeutic intervention services to children, adolescents, and adults using individual, family, and group therapy. I have assisted and formed group counseling for children and teens in the areas of self esteem, peer managing, and anger management. These experiences have made me prepared to work in a high need school. Another reason for wanting to teach in a high need school in New York City is my own personality. I have always be a fighter for the underdog. Minorities, women, the wrongly accused, and other individuals down on their luck have always made me want to fight for their rights. I have always wanted to even the odds for the underprivileged. Many politicians and others spout the rhetoric every American student should receive the same

Internet mini case Essay Example for Free

Internet mini case Essay Williams-Sonoma (WSM) was a specialty retailer of products for the home. The company’s products were sold through two channels: the retail channel and the direct-to-customer channel. The retail segment comprised four retail concepts: Williams-Sonoma, Pottery Barn, Pottery Barn Kids, and Hold Everything. The direct-to-customer segment sold though eight retail catalogs: Williams-Sonoma, Pottery Barn, Pottery Barn Kids, Pottery Barn Bed + Bath, PB Teen, Hold Everything, West Elm, and Williams-Sonoma Home (which incorporated elements from the previously separate Chambers) as well as through four e-commerce sites. The catalogs reached customers throughout the United States, and the four retail businesses operated 522 stores in 42 states and Washington, DC. The retail segment accounted for 58.9% of total sales; the direct-to-customer segment accounted for 41.1% in fiscal 2003. Charles E. Williams, Director Emeritus of the company in 2003, founded Williams-Sonoma in 1956 to offer high-end culinary and serving equipment in an upscale retail environment. The company entered the direct-to-customer channel in 1972, with the introduction of its flagship catalog, â€Å"A Catalog for Cooks,† which marketed the Williams-Sonoma brand. In 1983, the company internally developed the Hold Everything catalog to offer innovative and stylish storage solutions for home and home office. The success of the catalog led to the opening of the first Hold Everything retail store in 1985. In 1986, the company acquired Pottery Barn, at that time a marginally successful retailer and direct-to-customer merchant featuring a large assortment of casual home furnishings and accessories including furniture, lamps and lighting fixtures, rugs, window treatments, linens, dinnerware, and glassware. In 1989, Williams-Sonoma created Chambers, a direct-to-customer merchandiser of high-quality, premium-priced linens, towels, robes, soaps, and accessories for bed and bath. This case was prepared by Professor Maryanne M. Rouse, MBA, CPA, University of South Florida. Copyright  © 2005 by Professor Maryanne M. Rouse. This case cannot be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the copyright holder, Maryanne M. Rouse. Reprint permission is solely granted to the publisher, Prentice Hall, for the books, Strategic Management and Business Policy – 10th and 11th Editions (and the International version of this book) and Cases in Strategic Management and Business Policy – 10th Edition by the copyright holder, Maryanne M. Rouse. This case was edited for SMBP and Cases in SMBP – 10th Edition. The copyright holder is solely responsible for case content. Any other publication of the case (translation, any form of electronics or other media) or sold (any form of partnership) to another publisher will be in violation of copyright law, unless Maryanne M. Rouse has granted an additional written reprint permission. In early 1999, the company launched both its Williams-Sonoma Internet wedding and gift registry web site and its Williams-Sonoma e-commerce site. Later that year, the company launched a separate Pottery Barn Kids catalog to offer well-made, stylish children’s furniture and decorative accessories. (Pottery Barn Kids was one of the first concepts to market in what is expected to be a major growth segment during the next decade, as birthrates in the United States. are expected to surpass rates achieved at any time in the past 30 years. Birthrates among older women are soaring, and older moms tend to be wealthier and more willing to splurge on their children.) Pottery Barn Kids stores were opened adjacent to Pottery Barn stores across the United States, and by September 2004, there were 78 stores. Edward Mueller, Williams-Sonoma CEO, expected Pottery Barn Kids to be the primary growth vehicle for the company over the next several years. Williams-Sonoma launched its Pottery Barn web site and created a separate Pottery Barn Bed + Bath catalog in 2000. In 2001, the company added a Pottery Barn Kids web site, and a Pottery Barn online gift and bridal registry, and it opened five new retail stores in Toronto, Ontario. In line with its related diversification growth strategy, Williams-Sonoma tested a new catalog in summer 2002, under the West Elm brand. This new brand targeted young, design-conscious customers seeking to furnish first homes/apartments/lofts with quality furniture and accessories at affordable price points. West Elm product categories included furniture, decorative accessories, and an extensive textiles collection. In 2003, Williams-Sonoma expanded its catalog mailings for West Elm, added a web site, and opened its first retail store. Williams-Sonoma launched PB Teen with a catalog and web site in late April 2003. PB Teen was intended to fill the market space between Pottery Barn and Pottery Barn Kids with hip, exclusively designed furniture, rugs, lighting, bedding, and accessories promoted with its catalog, interactive web site, special sales campaigns, and contests. The company’s newest concept, Williams-Sonoma Home, was introduced in third quarter 2004 to tap into what company Chairman William H. Lester noted had been an empty space between the Pottery Barn demographic and designer home furnishings. Lester hoped to position this brand extension as an upscale furniture concept that would be more classic and less fashion-forward than Pottery Barn. Dave DeMattei, Williams-Sonoma’s President of Emerging Brands, noted that the look of casual elegance was â€Å"aspirational,† using an industry term for a product that helps a consumer trade up without necessarily spending top dollar. This new home collection, put together by Steven Brady, former President for Home Design at Ralph Lauren Home, featured down-plumped sofas ranging from $2,200 to $5,800 and $3,000 leather headboards as well as crystal lamps, cashmere throws, and the upscale linens formerly featured in the company’s Chambers catalog. (The company planned to fold the Chambers catalog into the Williams-Sonoma Home catalog.) Although some industry watchers questioned whether consumers would be willing to buy somewhat pricey furnishing sight-unseen, the company’s alliances with decorators, who would get trade discounts, were expected to help overcome initial resistance. The first Williams-Sonoma Home retail stores were expected to open early in 2 005. Retail Stores As of September 2004, Williams-Sonoma operated a total of 522 retail stores located in 42 states, the District of Columbia, and Toronto, Ontario: 242 Williams-Sonoma, 176 Pottery Barn, 82 Pottery Barn Kids, 7 Hold Everything, 1 West Elm, and 14 outlet stores. The company leased rather than owned its retail space. As of September 2004, the company’s gross leased square feet totaled 4,292,000, with 2,705,000 â€Å"selling† square feet. Lease terms ranged from 3 to 23 years. The average square feet per retail location increased from 7,660 in 2002 to 8,200 by August 2004, as the company replaced older, smaller Pottery Barn stores with larger stores carrying a wider variety of merchandise, including furniture. Direct-to-Customer Operations The direct-to-customer segment sold a variety of products through eight catalogs and e-commerce web sites. The company sent its catalogs to addresses from its proprietary customer lists as well as to names it received in exchange (or purchases) from other mail-order merchandisers, magazines, and other companies. The direct-to-customer business complemented the retail business by building customer awareness of the brand and acting as an effective promotional vehicle. Williams-Sonoma also used its catalogs and e-commerce sites as a cost-efficient means of testing market acceptance of new products. As of 2004, of the eight merchandising concepts, the Pottery Barn brand and its extensions had been the major source of sales growth in this segment for the previous several years. A good deal of Pottery Barn’s success was attributed to its ability to create a â€Å"lifestyle brand.† A brand gained â€Å"lifestyle† status via style, innovation, and appeal to customers who wanted to lead a particular style of life; in short, it allowed the company to reach a higher level in terms of the connection it made with the customer. Facilities/Locations Williams-Sonoma leased centralized distribution facilities in Olive Branch, Mississippi (2,152,000 square feet), and Memphis, Tennessee (1,515,000 square feet), and call centers in Las Vegas, Oklahoma City, and Camp Hill, Pennsylvania (approximately 36,000 square feet in each location). Distribution centers served both the company’s retail locations and fulfillment operations. The company also leased office, warehouse, design/photo studio, and data center space in California, New York, and Florida. In February, Williams-Sonoma purchased headquarters offices in San Francisco. Suppliers The company’s sourcing strategy included relationships with manufacturers in over 40 countries. Approximately 58% of merchandise purchases were from non-U.S. vendors, most of which were located in Europe and Asia. Substantially all of the company’s foreign purchases of merchandise were negotiated and paid for in U.S. dollars. Any event causing a sudden disruption or delay of imports from foreign vendors, including the imposition of additional import restrictions, restrictions on the transfer of funds and/or increased tariffs or quotas, or both, against home-centered items could increase the cost or reduce merchandise availability. No supplier accounted for more than 4% of Williams-Sonoma’s total purchases. Finance In fiscal 2003 (fiscal year ended February 1, 2004), Williams-Sonoma reported a 16.7% increase in net revenues over the prior year, the highest pretax operating margin and earnings per share in the company’s history and an increasing return on assets. Williams-Sonoma’s profit for the quarter ended August 1, 2004, jumped 55% as sales surged at the company’s Pottery Barn and outlet stores. Revenue for second quarter 2004 increased 19%, to $689.6 million, with direct-to-customer sales up an impressive 27%. Pottery Barn and Pottery Barn Kids drove second quarter retail growth with same-store sales increases of 10.2%; however, same-store sales at the company’s Williams-Sonoma stores slid 1.6%. The closing price for Williams-Sonoma stock on October 14, 2004, was $36.33. (Note: Williams-Sonoma’s annual and quarterly reports and SEC filings are available via the company’s web site, www.williams-sonomainc.com, and www.wsj.com ) The Industry The specialty retail business was highly competitive and characterized by a number of challenges, including: Anticipating and quickly responding to changing consumer demands Maintaining favorable brand recognition and effectively marketing products to consumers in diverse market segments Developing innovative, high-quality products in colors and styles that appealed to consumers of varying age groups and tastes Competitively pricing products and achieving customer perception of value Providing strong and effective marketing support Specialty retail exhibited the low entry barriers characteristic of fragmented industries, barriers that may be all but eliminated with the increased popularity of the Internet. Favored products for online shopping included computers, books, CDs, electronics, toys, and housewares. Over time, industry analysts expected catalog retailing to merge with e-tailing as web sites become electronic catalogs. For successful companies with strong brand names, the combination of stores and web sites would be a powerful one; however, expenditures for e-commerce sites would hurt profitability in the short run. Competitors Williams-Sonoma’s specialty retail stores, mail-order catalogs, and Internet web sites competed with other retail stores, other mail-order catalogs, and other e-commerce web sites that marketed similar lines of merchandise. The company competed with national, regional, and local businesses as well as traditional furniture stores, department stores and specialty stores. The substantial sales growth in the direct-to-customer industry within the past decade had encouraged both the entry of new competitors and an increase in competition from established companies. Direct competitors included such national companies as Crate Barrel, Restoration Hardware, Pier 1 Imports, and Bombay Company, as well as regional companies such as the Door Store, Rolling Pin Kitchen Emporium, Home Elements, and Expressions. Crate Barrel A counterculture story of the 1960s, Crate Barrel opened its first store in Chicago’s Old Town in 1962 and mailed its first catalog in 1967. Privately held Crate Barrel prided itself on designing beautiful store displays that were difficult to copy and worked diligently to find products from smaller, out-of-the way factories that made beautiful products that consumers could afford. Although the company had significantly fewer brick-and-mortar locations (84 retail and outlet stores) than the Williams-Sonoma retail concepts with which it competed, Crate Barrel marketed nationwide via its catalogs and web site. Restoration Hardware Restoration Hardware grew from just 20 stores in 1997 to 104 at the end of 2001, barely 37 behind Pottery Barn in brick-and-mortar locations; however, the company had had a difficult time managing growth. Its aggressive expansion between 1998 and 2000 cost it two years of profits and sank the value of its stock to as low as $.50 a share in December 2000, from $37 a share in 1998, the year it went public. The closing price for its stock on May 19, 2002, was $10.19. Both Restoration Hardware and Pottery Barn sold high-dollar, vintage-style furniture and home furnishings and had many other characteristics in common, including significant growth in direct-to-customer sales. Industry observers estimated that while Pottery Barn targeted the wealthiest 20% of Americans, Restoration Hardware targeted the wealthiest 10%. Whimsical nostalgia had been a big seller for Restoration Hardware for several years, with such items as retro tools, steamer chairs that could have come straight from the set of Titanic, shot glasses decorated with optometrists’ eye charts, and down-filled â€Å"foot duvets† proving hugely popular with shoppers. Restoration Hardware’s not-so-secret weapon in the battle for upscale customers could well have been Gary Friedman. In spring 2001, Friedman, who managed Pottery Barn’s explosive growth in the 1990s, was named CEO of Restoration Hardware after having been passed over for the top job at Williams-Sonoma. Pier 1 Imports Pier 1 Imports comprised three chains of retail stores operating under the names Pier 1 Imports, The Pier, and Cargo. Products offered included a wide variety of furniture, decorative home furnishings, dining and kitchen goods, bath and bedding, and other specialty items for the home. During the fiscal year ended February 28, 2004 (fiscal 2003), it operated 1,015 Pier 1 stores in the United States and 68 Pier 1 stores in Canada, and it also supported 8 franchised stores in the United States. In addition, it operated 29 stores located in the United Kingdom under the name The Pier and 40 Cargokids stores located in the United States. Pier 1 also supplied merchandise, and it licensed the Pier 1 Imports name to Sears Mexico and Sears Puerto Rico, which sold Pier 1 merchandise in a store-within-a-store format in 20 Sears Mexico stores and in 7 Sears Puerto Rico stores. The Bombay Company The Bombay Company’s retail stores and catalog emphasized classic traditional furniture, wall decor, and accessories. Furniture included both wood and metal ready-to-assemble furniture designed for the bedroom, living room, dining room, and home office. Functional and decorative accessories included lamps, jewelry, baskets, candles, scents, ceramics, frames, and desktop items. Wall decor included prints and mirrors. On January 31, 2004, the company operated 415 stores in 42 states and 56 stores in 9 Canadian provinces, as well as 46 outlet stores. The company viewed the outlets as an opportunity to increase sales to a different customer base, to assist in the orderly clearance of merchandise, and to further capitalize on its strength in designing and sourcing proprietary products. Accessories, the broadest category offered by the company, accounted for 43% of sales in 2003, while large furniture accounted for 31%, and ready-to-assemble products 14%, with wall decor accounting for the remaining 12%. Door Store The privately held Door Store operated nine retail locations in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Its products included contemporary and traditional case goods and upholstered furniture; it competed with both Pottery Barn and Hold Everything. The company’s product strategy was to anticipate trends in furniture and to make quality furniture available to style-conscious customers at â€Å"prices almost too good to be true.† The Door Store also marketed via its web site and shipped nationwide. Rolling Pin Kitchen Emporium This privately held franchise kitchen and housewares concept, with headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas, had store locations in regional and upscale malls in Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. In addition to retail sales, the company marketed nationwide via catalogs and its web site. The Rolling Pin competed with Williams-Sonoma. Other Competitors Other competitors across retail concepts included local and regional furniture and specialty stores, department stores, and direct-ship manufacturers. Williams-Sonoma’s expansion from the kitchen into the rest of the home with its flagship brand via the new Williams-Sonoma Home concept was expected to reorder a landscape dominated by traditional retailers such as Ethan Allen and Room Board and by â€Å"tastemakers† such as Martha Stewart for Bernhardt and Ralph Lauren Home.

HR Consultant An Organization Education Essay

HR Consultant An Organization Education Essay Working as a HR consultant an organization has approached you for consultancy, you are given the task by the senior management present the theoretical background of learning theories and learning styles. You will develop a presentation which should address the different learning styles, learning theories and their contribution in planning and what is the importance of ensuring transfer of learning in workplace Grading Statement Pass Merit Distinction P1 differentiate between different learning styles M1 a range of methods of presentation has been used D1 capacity for innovation and creative thought has been used P2 analyze learning theories and explain their contribution to the planning and design of learning events M2 it is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences P3 explain the implication of the learning curve and the importance of ensuring the transfer of learning to the workplace Outcome 1 Tasks for P1 Discuss the different learning styles including (activists, reflectors, theorists, pragmatists) Tasks for P2 Discuss the learning theories e.g. behaviorist, cognitive The impact of the learning curve and transfer of learning to the work place, Tasks for P3 Discuss the impact of the learning curve and transfer of learning to the work place. Tasks for M1 You should include relevant figures, diagrams, tables in the presentation to justify your point. Your presentation should look interesting and professional Task for M2 You should consider that the language and concepts are appropriate for your audience and you have considered that management may not know the theoretical backgrounds therefore appropriate level of language and examples are incorporated. Task for D1 Table of Contents preface 5 summary 6 Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.7 learning styles 7 honey and Mumford learning styles 7 David Kolb learning styles 8 Learning theoriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 9,10 Learning curve and transfer of learning to workplaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 11, 12 . Bibliographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 13 Preface Being HR consultant, we have developed a report for our client. In which we discussed the theoretical background of learning theories and learning styles. We hope our work will be appreciated. Summary Being HR consultant we have developed a report for our client. First of all we have discuss that how learning theories can help organization during human resource development. After discussing its importance we discuss the different learning styles of learners that how individual learns. We discuss the theories of David Kolb and honey and Mumford learning styles. Furthermore we explain and discuss the three different learning theories such as cognitive, behaviorist learning theories. Beside this we have also define the impact of learning curve and transfer of learning to work place. In order to complete this assignment we collect data from our course book human resource development and employee relation and similarly from different websites. All the references can be seen at the end of report. Task for P: 1 Discuss the different learning styles including (activists, reflectors, theorists, pragmatists) As we know that there are different type of learning styles developed from Psychological and educational research. According to these researches different people learn differently from one another. According to (http://www.ics.heacademy.ac.uk) these learning approaches help trainer to understand an individual learning preferences, so s/he effectively convey his training. Further they explain that some student may prefer to learn from visual effects while some may prefer or enjoy learning from listening lectures. There are many researcher and psychologist which contribute to this subject such as Kolb Learning Cycle, Honey and Mumford styles. (www.jivepartners.org.uk) Honey and Mumford styles: Activist: Activists learn best when they personally involve themselves in activity. They are called activist. They enjoy the here-and-now and often thrive in short-term crisis situation. According to our course book of (human resource development and employee relation.) Such kind of people get bore with long term implementation and consolidation. Activist learners are open-minded, not sceptical, and this tends to make them enthusiastic about new work. They think that they can do anything, beside this activist first act and then think. Reflectors: According to our course book (human resource development and employee relation.) Reflectors are the learners which learn best from activities where they are able to stand back, listen and observe. They like collecting information and being given opportunity to think about it. Reflectors learn less when they are rushed into things without the opportunity to plan. Before starting any activity, first they analyze the situation from all angles. Pragmatist: Pragmatists are keen on trying out ideas, theories and techniques to see if they work in practice. They positively search out new ideas and take the first opportunity to experiment with applications. They are the type of people who return from courses brimming with new ideas that they want to try out in practice. They like to get on with things and act quickly and confidently on ideas that attract them. (human resource development and employee relation.) Theorist: Its mention in our (human resource development and employee relation.) Course books that theorist like to understand the theory behind the actions. Such kind of learners need model. Concepts, and fact in order to learn they like to analyze and synthesis, and feel uncomfortable with subjective judgment. Further its mention that they learn best when an activity is backed up by ideas and concept that form a model system or theory. Such kind of learner learns least when activities are unstructured or ambiguous. Kolbs learning styles inventory: According to (http://www.ics.heacademy.ac.uk) David Kolb published his learning style model in 1984. The model gave rise to related term such as Kolbs experiential learning theory. In his book he also acknowledged the work of previous scholars such as Rogers, Jung and Piaget. He has done great work in this field and still acknowledged by teachers, trainer and managers. According to Kolb and other researcher that effective learning proceeds around a cycle. The below diagram clearly mentioned that how it processed. (http://bsspdl.wordpress.com/) According to article written by (kendra cherry, 2012)Psychologist and educational theorist DavidHYPERLINK http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/david-kolb.htm HYPERLINK http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/david-kolb.htmKolb present a four-stage learning cycle designed to describe how learning by experience takes place. Further she explained that the experientialHYPERLINK http://psychology.about.com/od/educationalpsychology/a/experiential-learning.htm HYPERLINK http://psychology.about.com/od/educationalpsychology/a/experiential-learning.htmlearning cycle have four different stages, concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. From these stages four learning style have been identified, accommodator, divergers, assimilator and converger. Accommodator relies on concrete experience and active experimentation learns from hands on experience and more rely on other people for information. Divergers learn from concrete expe rience and reflective observation. Assimilator combine abstract conceptualization observation; understand a wide range of information and more interested abstract ideas and concepts. Task for P 2 Discuss the learning theories e.g. behaviorist, cognitive etc: Behaviorist theory: In an article written by (kendra cherry, 2012) its mentioned that the term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Beside this there are some other scientists which contribute a lot to the field of psychology. The concept or theory of behaviorism is very exciting. According to our course book (human resource development and employee relation.)Behaviorism is a theory of learning and it believes that all behaviors are acquired as a result of conditioning. Conditioning happen after a  person interacts with his environment. There are two type of conditioning classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In 1904 Ivan Pavlov a Russian scientist researched on dogs. His researched proved that dog salivated at the sight of dry food. If a buzzer sounded just before the dogs were given sight of the dry food they still salivated at the sight of the food. After the two were associated a number of time, the dog salivated at the sound of the buzzer, even before the food appeared. Therefore, it can be claimed that the dog had learnt to salivate at the sound of buzzer. Pavlov called the presentation of the food unconditioned stimuli and the salivation the unconditioned response. He regarded the association of the food with buzzer as conditional stimulus. Cognitive theory: According to article written by (kendra cherry, 2012)Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology which deals with mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. There are different people which done a lot of work on cognitive theory such as jean Piaget, Wilhelm Wundt and many more. There are a lot of differences between behaviorist and cognitive theory for example behaviorist generally ignores the internal dynamic of learning while cognitive learning theory stress on the importance of what goes on inside the learner. Cognitive theory is assumed to be comprised of a number of sub theories and is widely used in educational and counseling. The key to learning and changing is the individuals cognition (perception, thought, memory and way of processing and structuring information). Cognitive learning a highly active process largely directed by the individual, involve perceiving the information, interpreting it based on what is already known, and then recognizing the information into new insight or understanding. Cognitive theorist, unlike behaviorists, maintains that reward is not necessary for learning. More important are learners goal and expectation, which create disequilibrium, imbalance, and tension that motivate them to act Social learning approach: According to article written by (kendra cherry, 2012) there also another theory proposed by psychologist alburt bandura His theory suggest that children learn new behavior from observing other people There are three primary principles at the center of public studying concept. First is the concept that people can learn through observation. Next is the concept that inner psychological declares are an important aspect of this procedure. Lastly, this concept identifies that just because something has been discovered; it does not mean that it will result in a change of behavior or actions. The below diagram will help us in understanding these theories and how these help us during training and development of human resource. There are different methods through which we learn. Task for P3 Discuss the impact of the learning curve and transfer of learning to the work place. The learning curve definition: A learning curve is a graph showing the relationship between the time spent in learning and the level of competence attained. Hence it describe the progress and variable pace of learning (it is common for people to say that they are on a steep learning curve when they have to acquire a lot of new knowledge or skill in short period of time. (human resource development and employee relation.) Explanation: From the above definition its clear that learning curve is a concept used to determine how quickly a skill can be perfectly understood. The learning curve is represented through graph which shows the connection between learning and its duration. It also shows that how much skill or knowledge is improved of individuals from training. There is also concept of flat curve or gradual learning curve. Its important to say that on flat curve learner gain knowledge slowly. Flat curve subjects take a long time to gain complete mastery over, but provide ample time to truly imprint the procedures or skill components on the brain. Subjects with a gradual or flat curve are often very difficult to learn, as they do not provide the rewards of quick, usable knowledge. According to our course book (human resource development and employee relation.)Learning curve also used to plan the size of the chunks to be taught in one session or stage of learning. Further it explains that learning curve can also go up and down. This happen normally when trainee become unable to practice or forget newly acquired skill or knowledge. Transfer of learning: Definition: According to our course book of (human resource development and employee relation.) Transfers of learning refer to the extent to which newly learned information or skill has been transferred from the learning context to the application of a specific task. Explanation: Transfer of learning mean that how much an individual or trainee effectively able to apply the skill or knowledge on the job, which s (he) learned from training. In a situation where trainee effectively transfers the learning to task is called positive transfer; on the other hand in a situation where trainee didnt effectively transfer the learning to the application of task, will know as negative transfer.

Hip-Hop as a Cultural Movement Essay -- Hip-Hop Culture

Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the dilapidated South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. The area’s mostly African American and Puerto Rican residents originated this uniquely American musical genre and culture that over the past four decades has developed into a global sensation impacting the formation of youth culture around the world. The South Bronx was a whirlpool of political, social, and economic upheaval in the years leading up to the inception of Hip-Hop. The early part of the 1970’s found many African American and Hispanic communities desperately seeking relief from the poverty, drug, and crime epidemics engulfing the gang dominated neighborhoods. Hip-Hop proved to be successful as both a creative outlet for expressing the struggles of life amidst the prevailing crime and violence as well as an enjoyable and cheap form of recreation. The longevity of Hip-Hop as a cultural movement can most directly be attributed to its humble roots. For multiple generations of young people, Hip-Hop has directly reflected the political, economic, and social realities of their lives. Widely regarded as the â€Å"father† of the Hip-Hop, Afrika Bambaataa named the cultural movement and defined its four fundamental elements, which consisted of disc jockeying, break dancing, graffiti art, and rapping. Dating back to its establishment Hip-Hop has always been a cultural movement. Defined by far more then just a style of music, Hip-Hop influences fashion, vernacular, philosophy, and the aesthetic sensibility of a large portion of the youth population (Homolka 2010). Despite having absolutely nothing to do with the four elements of Hip-Hop as defined by Afrika Bambaataa, the most influential person in the creati... ...olka, Petr Bc., and Jeffrey Alan Vanderziel. â€Å"Black or White: Commercial Rap Music and Authenticity.† Masaryk University Faculty of Arts, Department of English and American Studies. (2010): 7-21. Web. Jonnes, Jill. â€Å"South Bronx rising: the rise, fall, and resurrection of an American city.† New York: Fordham University Press. (1986). LaBoskey, Sara. â€Å"Getting off: Portrayals of Masculinity in Hip Hop Dance in Film.† Dance Research Journal. 33.2 (2001). 112-120. Price, Emmett III. â€Å"Hip Hop Culture†. Santa Barbara. (2006). Rhodes, Henry A. â€Å"The Evolution of Rap Music in the United States.† Yale New Haven Teachers Institute. (2003) Samuels, David. â€Å"The Rap on Rap: the Black Music that Isn’t Either.† The New Republic. (November 11, 1991). Simpson, Janice C., â€Å"Time.† â€Å"Yo! Rap Gets on the Map; Led by groups like Public Enemy.† (February 5, 1990).

Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers

Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and

Essay --

Many students believe that a historian’s job is only to understand the past; likewise they believe that a human scientist’s job is solely to change the future. However, as a â€Å"knower†, I now comprehend that there is much more to these jobs than meets the eyes. I believe that these job â€Å"definitions† only describe the mere superficial part of the job, that there is a lot more to being a historian or a human scientist then just one simple task. However with these job â€Å"definitions†, that society has given, are many complex questions on how we accumulate knowledge on certain issues, these questions are known as knowledge issues. Some of the knowledge issues included in the job â€Å"definitions† are: Could history be seen as a cycle? To what extent can a historian â€Å"understand† the past? Do human scientists invent new ideas and theories or do they reinforce past paradigms? In what ways do the human sciences contribute to the future? In order to answer these questions I have decided to examine historians and human scientists in terms of how they engage the past and the future. There are many people who claim they have the â€Å"true† history; these types of people are known as historians. In this case my definition of historian is: an expert in the study of history, especially in that of a particular period, region, or social phenomenon. There are many different kinds of historians ranging from economics to environmental, and even to, urban. However in history, which we want to focus on, we have orthodox, revisionist, post-revisionist and many more. One may ask himself why there are so many different historians if there was but only ONE true accurate history. This is because history is full of â€Å"gaps† which the historians TRY to fill with their ow... ...ut does not give an explanation. On the other hand I define law as a concept that shows the direction of movement of a variable and gives a reliable explanation for the movement. Additionally human scientist may confuse a correlation with a casual connection. The transcendentalist poet Wystan Hugh Auden once said, â€Å"There is more than meets the eye.† These idea of concepts being more complex then they seem surround the jobs of historians and human scientists. The historian doesn’t simply understand the past for knowledge but also for the benefit that comes from it, such as to better understand the present and supply guidance for the future: â€Å"In history lie all the secrets of statecraft†. Likewise, human scientist attempt to explain and understand trends of human behavior; however, this is only achieved by examining the past the gain a comprehension on the subject.

PCI DSS and the Seven Domains Essay

1. Identify the touch points between the objectives and requirements of PCI DSS and YieldMore’s IT environment. The objectives and requirements for PCI DSS compliance is the same for every business wanting to accept credit card payments. There are 6 control objectives with 12 requirements. Control Objectives PCI DSS Requirements 1. Build and Maintain a Secure Network 1. Install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect cardholder data 2. Do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters 2. Protect Cardholder Data 3. Protect stored cardholder data 4. Encrypt transmission of cardholder data across open, public networks 3. Maintain a Vulnerability Management Program 5. Use and regularly update anti-virus software on all systems commonly affected by malware 6. Develop and maintain secure systems and applications 4. Implement Strong Access Control Measures 7. Restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know 8. Assign a unique ID to each person with computer access 9. Restrict physical access to cardholder data 5. Regularly Monitor and Test Networks 10. Track and monitor all access to network resources and cardholder data 11. Regularly test security systems and processes 6. Maintain an Information Security Policy 12. Maintain a policy that addresses information security 2. Determine appropriate best practices to implement when taking steps to meet PCI DSS objectives and requirements. The best way to implement best practices is following the requirements. Some of the requirements listed above read like a guideline i.e. not using vendor supplied default passwords. Obviously you would want to make your own strong password that would be difficult to guess. 3. Justify your reasoning for each identified best practice. The justification for best practice is you want to make the credit card information as secured as possible. The company will be handling the income of people and if something goes wrong and people get access to the information the business will go under. No potential customer will want to do business with them. 4. Prepare a brief report or PowerPoint presentation of your findings for IT management to review. In order to better serve their customers, YieldMore wants to begin accepting credit card payments. In order for the company to begin the process of accepting credit cards it must first be PCI DSS compliant. PCI DSS is an information security standard. So the company has meet six objectives and each of those objectives has requirements that must be met to be compliant. The first objective is to build and maintain a secure network. Two requirements must be met in order for that objective to be met. First is to install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect cardholder data and do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters. The second objective is protecting cardholder data. Two requirements are needed to meet that objective. Protect stored cardholder data and encrypting transmission of cardholder data across open, public networks are the requirements for the second objective. The third objective is to maintain a Vulnerability Management Program with using and regularly updating anti-virus software on all systems commonly affected by malware and developing maintaining securing systems and applications requirements. Implementing a strong access control measure objective would be easy to achieve. The requirements for the fourth objective is restricting access to cardholder data by business need-to-know, assigning a unique ID to each person with computer access, and restricting the physical access to cardholder data. The fifth objective is to regularly monitor and test networks. Tracking and monitoring all access to network resources and cardholder data is the first requirement. Regularly testing security  systems and processes is the other requirement. Maintaining a policy that addresses information security is the only requirement for the final objective, maintain an Information Security Policy. Once all these objectives are met then the company would be PCI DSS compliant.

International Marketing Essay

1. entre1. Historypry Br new(a)(prenominal)wises was founded in 1885 by William Hesketh Lever. The come with initi tout ensembley wizted its trading subprograms by manufacturing soap. In 1917, the guild began to diversify into viandss, getting fish, ice-skating rink salve and placened pabulums problemes in indian lodge to apply synergies caused by commonalities in the raw materials required to produce and pass out these mathematical harvest-tides. In 1930, the Dutch comp totally oleomargarine Unie merged with a British ac high-pitched society, Lever Brothers, to stratum the multi discipline Unilever. Unilever has cardinal boot companies Both companies gather in the homogeneous use upors and in effect operate as a sensation ancestry organisation.2. trade Management Philosophy merchandise way impact on a wretcheder floortakes the stages of outline master promontoryulation, implementation and control. Therefore, it is imperative to first identif y the adoptive merchandise focus doctrine by the presidential term. Organisational purpose of Unilever clearly give tongue tos that organisations focal attention is c take downed towards presentiment and satisfaction of customer needs and wants. Kotler (2000) mentions that selling pattern holds that the key to achieving its compositional goals consists of the telephoner being more effective than contentions in creating, delivering and communicating customer value to its elect sign foodstuffs.Deep insight into g overning bodyal purpose reveals that goals and objectives of Unilever depend on ascertain the needs and wants of target food grocerys and to satisfy the customers efficiently than competitors. The caller-up also considers its reference as affablely answerable entity by good crinkle practices and ongoing welf be projects in many a(prenominal) of the South Asiatic foodstuffs. much(prenominal) adopted merchandise management school of thought as a ce ntral sh be of integrated purpose exit by all odds influence the military personnel(prenominal)/ orbiculate schema of Unilever. Hence, it substructure be concluded that frame of referenceing block of the trade philosophy of Unilever is embedded into merchandising oriented organic law with the purpose to write in consideration the expectations of all pursuit holder groups.2. Organisational structure of UnileverOrganisational structure of Unilever fol lowlys a de-centralized setup, where corporeal direct strategies ar organise by board members and executivecommittee. Unilever operates in devil separate spherical stratums for food and headquarters & personal line of business organisation business. give in 1 Regional groupsSource http//www.uniliver.comThe directors of these orbicular course of studys be companys executive committee. Business take strategies and formulated by Presidents of separately of the separate regional groups make for food and health & personal dread business. These business presidents atomic number 18 creditworthy for(p) for delivering business results in their respective regions and reports to Directors of Food and kinfolk & individualised attending division. At operable direct, army pastoral managers are trustworthy to implement strategies and to make run foral take aim strategies in accordance with the changes in sub- topical anaestheticities. The hollow build block in Unilever is the topical anaesthetic run company. These companies are nonionized into football team regional groups. At regional levels, Unilever has deployed host unsophisticated managers.3. Global or outside(a) arranging of UnileverAt present, it is difficult to provoke any of the orientation course stage for Unilever. When it comes to orbiculate merchandise, food market cleavage decisions are no longer think on national b coiffures. Cateora and Graham (2000) explain that at globular merchandise stage, companies treat the world including their home market, as one market. Market surgical incisionation decisions are no longer focused on national b cabarets. However, critical reappraisal of Unilevers operations state that the selling strategies of the company are any(prenominal)(prenominal) transnationally and globularly oriented. While, maturation market segments, Unilever takes into chronicles the incomes levels, example patterns and other promoters that span countries and regions.The global stains of Unilever in Food and Personal care business are examples of it. However, the company also pose a minute focus on diverse regional markets by develop obvious regional market segments in light of the tastings, preferences, income and other factors of these markets. The broad home of topical anesthetic anesthetic injurys is an example of it. Therefore, in order to determine elements of Global/external merchandising strategy of Unilever, it is imperative to break apart the st ages of transnational merchandising involvement and strategical orientation of the company. The deep insight into these dimensions reveals the stature of make-up as foreignist or global company.1. Stages of marketing involvementInitially, the focus of the company was limited to few mathematical crossroad categories, targeted segments and market. However, with the innovation of time, the company was gone through with(predicate) the transition process from one stage to a nonher. The explicatement curve and experience of Unilever on with outline of market potential and company capabilities change the organization to extend its product portfolio and to tint into contrasting markets. By keeping in view the involvement factors of company towards strategic marketing orientation, it is difficult to suggest any one stage of orientation. Unilever is truly planetary in a sense that it sells change snip of products around world which comes up from planned payoff. How ever, the concept of global marketing states that market segmentation decisions are no longer focused on national borders.In practice, critical review of Unilevers operations reveal that the marketing strategies of company are around(prenominal) internationally and globally oriented. Development of market segments at Unilever takes into neb the taste and consumption preferences and other segment variables that span countries and regions. The global distinguishs of Unilever in food and personal care business suck up this approach. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, Unilever focuses on regional and awkward markets by developing explicit regional market segments by considering tastes, preferences, income and other records of these regional markets. The broad kinsfolk of topical anesthetic anaesthetic distinguishs made to tailor the regional market needs exhibit this approach. Hence, it bottomlandful be concluded that Unilever is catering to the needs and wants of bay window market segments around the world by making a cash in ones chips of international and global orientation.2. strategic orientation1. Strategic defect Management internationalistic strategy of Unilever is focused to build its business by creating, developing and delivering value brands. Unilever has a diversify product menage and each product line has much depth and largeness in it. Evaluation of Unilevers marketing strategies reveals that the organization is more centered towards makes and lieu brands, brand is known to be the spinal anaesthesia cord function at Unilever which essentially stick together all functions of marketing same marketing research, product development, pricing, advertizing etc. Thus, Marketing functions and activities at Unilever are combined together to focus the process of branding.As first step, marketing research function facilitates the brand managers and business level managers with the comprehensive profiles of various regional markets around the world. Then, strong brands are developed as a solution to customer needs. Unilever has centre focus towards effective brand management in order to develop twain global and topical anesthetic anesthetic brands. As a part of hereafter crop strategy of company, Unilever implied law of contraction to refine and retune its diversify brand categories by foc using lone more or less(prenominal) on potential brands. Consequently, organization resources allow be allocated on the brands, which wee-wee growth potential and growth levels and leave behind be lockd to enhance profitability.Jean and Kapferer (2000) states that the brand is a focal point for all the positive and negative impressions created by the purchaser over time as they comes into run across with brands product, dispersion channel, power and communication. Accordingly, brand managers and research experts at Unilever fall apart the customer groups in term of their demographic, geographic, frugal and personal profiles. Along with, they identify the changing consumer preferences in terms of their needs, wants, satisfaction, tastes and expectations. totally these considerations are then tailored to manipulate the marketing mix elements to develop a triple-crown and value delivering brand.One of the owing(p) examples of Unilever brands which shows the companys insight into consumer health requirements is Annapurna Salt. uninterrupted marketing research function and coaction with health organisations let Unilever to identify that bulk of people life-time in Africa and southern astir(predicate) Asian region inherently pass deficiency of iodine component in their bodies. As a result, Unilever introduced iodised sodium chloride for the consumer segments in this market with the brand name, Annapurna. The exceptional example shows that under jumping of consumer needs enables Unilever to build in health benefit into their product.2. well-disposed ResponsibilityThis dimension of international marketing strategy clearly defines the characteristics of organizational ethnic paradigm and purpose of the company to vista itself in minds of customers. Kotler (2000) defines that societal marketing concept holds tha the organisations task in to determine the needs, wants and interests of target marketes and to deliver the desire satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhance the conusmers and the friendships well-being. In realistic and factual terms, in todays business environs, tender responsibility is a good marketing strategy to effectively position the corporate and brand names in targeted markets.Companies direct international and global orientation operates in variety of international regional markets. Although, the belief of marketing always perch the same regardless of the market environments, however, at the corporate level, the strategists also take into consideration the role and overall co ntri but nowion of company with in each market and region. Contemporary marketing philosophies do consider the role of an organization as socially responsible entity by ethical business practices.The degree to which an organization depart be socially responsible to its macro market environments is determined at the stage of formulation of corporate level strategy. In elusion, of a multinational company resembling Unilever, international marketing strategies take into account the role of company in various environments. Organization does incur some be to emerge as socially responsible organization and do seek some benefits out of it in form of consumers affiliation and overall perception of organization in their minds.Unilever claimsAs a multi- topical anaesthetic multinational we aim to play our part in addressing global environmental and social concerns through topical anesthetic actions and in partnership with local governments and organisations.Now it is quite obvious that a t broader scale the international marketing philosophy of Unilever is to stand as socially responsible organization. However, the action-oriented approach towards implication of social responsibilities entirely depends upon individual genius of market and environmental conditions. As a decentralized approach of strategy, the corporate level management at local in operation(p) companies defines the paradigm of social responsibility in regional and kingdom markets and business level managers pursue the objectives by developing and implementing action-oriented strategies. Unilever Pakistan is the largest consumer goods company in Pakistan.In Pakistan, it is registered as a separate local in operation(p) company. In order to pursue international marketing strategy circumscribe in relevance to social responsibility, Unilever Pakistan, in context to the local market environment analyzed and assessed nature of market environmental. The through analyses of environmental and natural res ources reveal that the rude faces shortage of peeing resources which are life-and-death to be used as phratryhold, coarse and industrial requirements. In result, Business level managers worked out to enhance the performance and power of its deed and manufacturing processes by cutting habilitate the overall requirement of water resources to be used in processes. With in phoebe bird socio-economic class time, Unilever reduced its lend water consumption by 40% and turn up its role as a socially responsible organization in the sector.3. realization of Major CompetitorJobber (2004) defines that the about important part of use uping competitors analysis is identification of competitors, following product form, product substitution, generic strategies and competition arena. In FMCG sectors, on that point are some names which have made fundamental come up in the industry. Namely, few of them are cuddle, reminder & take chances, Johnson & Johnson, Kimberly-Clark and Uni lever.The examination of Unilevers business segments and product categories reveal that snuggle and Proctor & Gamble are chief competitors of Unilever in international market. Precisely, Nestle is the chief competitor to Unilever collectible to parallel level of competition among these two companies in respect to homogeneity among their international marketing strategy. The emphasis of both of the companies towards building global and local brands simultaneously, shows that the adopted business slogan is Think Global-Act local. As a result Nestle and Unilever stand shoulder to shoulder in many of the regional markets with diversified line of their local product brands. classbook turnover of Unilever for the year 2003 shows that its Food division contributed 57% plowshare to total bargains turnover and 43% share is contributed by stem & Personal Care division. The percentages clearly exhibit that Unilever has relative strength in its food division over home & personal care div ision. In light of the analysis, it can be concluded that Nestle is the chief competitor of Unilever in the business segments of Food as Nestle is recognized as world largest manufacture of food related items.On the other hand, Proctor & Gamble is Unilevers leading competitors in business segments of Home & Personal care as P&G has relative strength in this sector. In food sector, Nestle is off the beaten track(predicate) ahead then Unilever due to largeness and depth of its product lines. In proportion to Unilever, The product categories of Nestle includes Baby food, dairy farm products, Break fast cereals, Ice cream, coffee & confectionary, prepared food, Beverages, Bottled water and Pet care nutrition. In Home and Personal care, P&G enjoys leadership position in Beauty and Fabric care as the company attains strong global brands in these categories worry Ariel and Pantene.2. Percentage Contribution of geographic markets to total organizational Turnover Annual Sales figures of Nestle, for the year 2003 shows that European and American markets are its try out business markets, as both of the markets contributes 32% and 31% severally to total organizational turnover. Similarly, in case of P&G, normality American and horse opera Europe are the chief markets with 50% and 24% share to turnover respectively. For Unilever, major business markets are Europe and wedlock America which percentage share of 43% and 23% respectively to total sales turnover.The figures clearly state that all of the organizations have a cut-throat competition in North American and European markets and each of the organization has relative strengths in these markets. However, the Asian pacific markets which have a huge business potential due to huge house hold size and populated economies, at that place nonoperational exists significant margin of improvement. For P&G, Northeast Asian market contributes 21% share to total turnover for year 2004. For Nestle, Asian and African mark ets contribute to 16% of annual turnover. And in case of Unilever, Asia and pacific contributes 17% to total organizational turnover. 4. personality of markets and methods of main course1. Nature of MarketsThe business operations of Unilever are expanded over closely 110 countries world wide. Each of the regional and country market has opposite nature in terms of economies of scale, market segmentation, level of competition, political and social factors. In order to have a deep in-sight to search and identify the marketing strategies of Unilever in comparison to market nature, we will give you a highlight of companys operations in Asian region with grouchy emphasis on Pakistani and Chinese market.1. Nature of market in Pakistani1. Economic & Demographic ProfilesPakistani market constitutes total people of some cl million people. In Pakistan, the affluent and juicy class is no more than 6% of the total population. Almost 32% of population is living a life under poverty li ne. The major segment of the society belongs to middle class consumers which are in truth target market for FMCG Company give care Unilever. The product portfolio of Unilever constitutes near 135 brands for Pakistani market. Majority of these brands are part of consumer hoop index in South Asian society. Prominent examples are the items like preparation crude, wash drawing detergent and tea, as these product categories are used with in any Asian household.2. Level of CompetitionFMCG companies like Unilever owns a diversified range of products which are antithetic in their nature and most of the product categories are not regular(a) interrelated such(prenominal) as wash detergent and tea. These differential products in a way are recognizable as different strategic business units. Unilever markets almost 135 brands in Pakistan and have not to confront too many players in FMCG industry. The structure of industry in Pakistani market has been shaped in form of Oligopoly, as the re are unless few leading players as Nestle and Proctor and Gamble. However, each product category defines different level of competition when it comes to analyze the potential of different competing brands both in global and local context. For example, while equivalence to huge industry giant like Uniliver, P&G offers limited range of product categories in Pakistani market.On the other sinde, leading detergent brand, Ariel, own by P&G gives knotted time to brands which are included in Unilevers product category of laundry detergents. Similarly, there are some local companies who manufacture and market a iodin brand. Tapal is one of the leading tea brands in Pakistani market which stand in cut throat competition against Unilevers global brands, Lipton and Supreme. The third important factor which determins level of competition for Unilever in Pakistani is the huge market of unbranded products. The unbranded products are low costd and inferior in quality and they are marketed in inwardly regional boundaries. In order to flake these unbranded products, Unilever extended its scattering earnings to remote arenas to capture market share.3. compound of Local & Global BrandsUnilever clearly control the cultural and social differences in Pakistani society which have a significant impact over peoples preferences, tastes and life style. By following the nature of market with heavy regional segregation, Unilever inflexible to offer both Global brands and developing local brands in the market. Lipton is the leading brand of Unilever in the product category of tea. It is marketed in over coke countries and it shows the global armorial bearing of the brand. However, Unilever Pakistan owns several regional brands in product category of tea which are low hurtd. These tea brands like Tazza, A1 and Top star are distributed and circulated in regional markets. Similarly, the publicizing and media focuses regional languages to promote these brands.2. Nature of t arget market in chinamainland China decorative market has been expanding rapidly over the past 20 years. In 1982, the total sale was only about RMB200 million. By 2001, this figure went up to about RMB40 one thousand thousand, a growth of 200 times from 1982. Chinas annual sale of enhancives are forecasted to reach RMB60 one thousand thousand by 2006 and RMB80 billion by 2010. Despite significant growth over the last two decades, there are still have a cast of opportunities in Chinese cosmetic market and the country is expected to remain a dynamic market. This is found on some factors firstly, with a population of billion and 480 million urban residents, China has the largest number of potential cosmetic customers in the world. Secondly, as a result of Chinas 7-8% high rate of economic growth, living conditions will continue to improve, which enable an change magnitude number of people to join the cosmetic consumption force. Finally, China has opened its market tally to WT O rules will further suffer its cosmetic market with more international and domestic players.2. Method of Market portal1. Market entryway Methods in Pakistani EnvironmentAs far as market entry mechanism is concerned, Unilever follows two approaches. First, Unilever sets up a local operating company in a country of choice by following the business regulations & company act status in host country. The second approach of market entry followed by Unilever is acquisition. In some of the market settings, Unilever prefers to acquire a liberal brand in spite of take ining only new setup of production and distribution. much(prenominal) approach of diversification and market entry strengthen its grip in local markets around the world. By having an investment to acquire a local brand will enable the company to use the pre-running production facilities and marketing networks & distribution channel. This mode of catch up with into a market doesnt recall precious time resources to build brand awareness.1. FDIFMCG sector primarily requires a blend of capital intensifier and labour intensive resources. Therefore, it was a best option for Unilever to establish its manufacturing and production facilities in local area to reach economies of scale by using cheap skilled and un-skilled labour. For example, in Pakistan, Unilever is operating as locally registered company and it fulfills all the legal requirements of Company Act 1981 and regulations of certificate and exchange commission.Moreover, Unilever is a public listed company and follows the legal requirements of Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. The fountainhead Executive of Unilever Pakistan Ltd. reports to Unilevers top management, based in team leader country of the regional group. Under such form of market entry, Unilever has to made foreign direct investment in selected country markets. By foreign direct investment, Unilever establishes manufacturing & production facilities along with developme nt of integrated marketing and distribution channels. Unilever established a local operating company in Pakistan with the name, Unilever Pakistan Private Limited.2. acquisitionThe strategy of Unilever in regional country markets like Pakistan is to dominate the market by getting the leading local brands offered by other manufacturers. Hence, the benefits result into diversification and enhance market share. The leading example in this regard is of Polka, which was leading ice cream brand in Pakistan. Unilever launched it global ice cream brand Walls in Pakistan in year 1998-99. Initially, Walls faced severe competition from Polka, as the national brand win a strong image and fair play in the market.As a result, Unilever Pakistan, trenchant to extend the brand lines by acquiring Polka. The acquisition of Polka enables Unilever to use production and distribution facilities to promote Walls. The targeted markets of Unilever are separate into Regional & sub-regional markets. In ea ch of the country, there exists a local operating company. All these local operating companies are organized into eleven regional groups.2. Methods of Market Entry in ChinaWhen the Unilever firstly entered the Chinese market, they usually chosen a Chinese company to cooperate or conduct joint make, because they were not familiar with Chinese market and did not has distribution and sale channel. However, when they had developed their sale force and construct sale channel, Unilever has bought the share from the Chinese company and built new plants in other cities, which is direct investment.5. Extent of standardization or translation of marketing strategy Unilever claims to be the one of the biggest consumer goods manufacturing company in the world. It claims that everyday, almost 150 million people in over 150 countries choose our products. So for a multi national company of that stature, an emerging question for marketing directors will unimpeachably be to examine standardizati on or adaptation approach in order to develop international/global marketing strategies. An experts opinion in this regard is that, Forward looking, proactive firms have the ability and willingness to accomplish tasks, standardization and localization. Global markets continue to homogenize and diversify simultaneously.The in-depth study of the product categories and length, depth, and width of product lines reveals that the management of Unilever has a dual focus on homogeneity of needs of consumer around world and towards global customization. In addition, some of the marketing analysts state that a successful company should focus on both of the aspects such as standardization and adaptation at the time of deciding target market segments, the measures of determining these segments and targeting strategy.Unilever statesOur deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world are our unparalleled inheritance and the foundation for our future growth. We will bring our wealth of acquaintance and international expertise to the service of local consumers- a truly multi local multinational The argument can be warrant by Unilevers motto A Multi-local Multinational. In-light of the above created discussion, we conclude that Unilever is advised of the features of global and international markets. For instance, the product category of Unilever constitutes the global as well as local brands, which implies that Unilever manipulates the marketing mix elements by having a favourable blend of both standardization and adaptation.1. ProductWhen the Unilever wanted to enter the Chinese market, they use product adaptation strategy, which means, adapting a product to meet local conditions or wants in foreign markets (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders, Wong 2001, p.175). They did not just bring the products sold in UK to launch in Chinese market, but has done a number of researches about Chinese women skin and found that Chinese people skin is quite different from Europeans. The refore, they have changed the formula of the pocket billiardss products, which can be perfectly suitable for Chinese women. As can be seen, Unilever has adopted adaptation strategy, which is passing cost, but has increased the market share.2. Branding and promotionUnilever has implemented plans to make greater use of its corporate brand in support of its companies and products around the world. By 2005 supplemental companies will adopt the name. Also, over the approach path years the Unilever name will come forth on all product packaging. Consumers and stakeholders will find it easier to see who Unilever is and what it does. Its goal is to strengthen Unilevers business and reputation, so that both Unilever and its brands are better understood and indisputable throughout the world. The trend shows the enhanced acknowledgment of branding as sovereign function of marketing. Al Ries and Laura Ries (1998) explain that marketing is building a brand in the mind of the prospect. If you can build a potent brand, you will have a decently marketing program.Although, Unilever announced corporate brand, they still use the adaptation strategy in some of the products. For example, the Unilever has changed their brand name from English form into Chinese manner, which is easier for Chinese early days women to identify and remember.In addition, food division of Unilever claims Knorr as one of its supreme global brand with almost 2.3 billion euro annual sales in over 100 countries. The product range of knorr includes soups, sauces, noodles and complete meals. Similarly, in personal care market, Unilever owns prominent brands as Axe, Dove, Lux, syndicates, Rexona and Sunsilk. However, in frozen food category, Unilever has supreme local brands. i.e. Findus (for Italian market), Birds eye for UK and Iglo for other European countries.Moreover, in category of margarine & spreads, Becel is a prominent brand for Dutch market. Flora is the brand in UK and Take control is in American market. In olive oil category, the most important brand, Bertolli is appealing to consumer taste for Mediterranean food. Unilever clearly at the same time recognizes the homogeneity of consumers by developing global brands and also make itself adaptational to the cultural, political and social environment of different regional markets by developing local brands and keeping in view the distinct needs of the consumers. Unilever normally design different advertisement for different countries. For example, when Unilever shoot an advertising film in Asian marketing, it is neat to adopt Asian actresses.3. PricingTerpstra and Sarathy (2000) state that incomes, culture, and consumers preferences differ from country to country, thus, for the same price in different countries, the demand will be different. Therefore, Unilever has institute dissimilar prices according to the nature of markets in different countries. For example, the level of income in china is relatively low. There fore, the price of ponds products in china is lower than Europe. Another reason for low price strategy is that Unilever produce Ponds in china. The cost is low. However, if Unilever just export its products from one country to other country, the cost will be high considering the tariff, insurance and transport fees need to be added into the cost. Therefore, Unilever would adopt the standardization within the operation to balance the difference.4. DistributionIt is not patrician to build distribution channels in foreign countries. When Unilever enters in a new marketplace, it is more likely to find some partners. For example, Unilever has cooperated with several big Chinese companies. Therefore, it can use the existing sales distribution network. However, Unilever not just satisfy to affiance this network. It has work with big supermarket in china, which can deliver and sell mass products in china, to build their own distribution channels. However, Unilever do not use joint ventur e in Holland. They directly work with all in all sellers, department stores, and supermarkets to distribute their products. As can be seen, Unilever use different distribution strategy in different countries. In this way, Unilever use the adaptation marketing strategy.In Pakistan, Unilever established its unique distribution system by setting up business partnership with various distributors and traders. Various geographic areas have been distributed into business regions. With in each business region, Unilever selects trading companies by assessing their financial worth and experience. These distributors act on behalf of Unilever as they are responsible to Unilever items directly to the twine of retailers.6. ConclusionReference Kotler P., Armstrong G., Saunders J., Wong V., 2001, Principles of Marketing. London Pearson Education. Terpstra V., Sarathy R., 2000, International marketing. London The Dryden Press Kotler. P (2000) Marketing Management, The millennium Edition, U.S.A. P rentice Hall Inc Jobber. D (2004) Principles & Practices of Marketing, 4th Edition, U.K.McGraw-Hill Ries. A, Ries .L (1998) The 22 immutable laws of branding, bulky Britain, Harper Collins Business. Cateora P.R, Graham J.L (2000) International Marketing, 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin Jean, Kapferer N (1992) Strategic Brand Management. Creating and sustaining Brand Equity Long Term, second Edition, U.K, Kogan Page Limited. www.nestle.com Annual spread over of Nestle 2003, http//www.ir.nestle.com/ www.unilever.com Annual Report of Unilever 2003, http//www.unilever.com/investorcentre/ www.pg.com Annual Report of Proctor & Gamble, http//www.pg.com/investors/sectionmain.jhtml